{"id":5099,"date":"2025-12-10T08:54:28","date_gmt":"2025-12-10T08:54:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/xiensolar.com\/?p=5099"},"modified":"2025-12-10T09:26:12","modified_gmt":"2025-12-10T09:26:12","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%82-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%b1-%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xiensolar.com\/ar\/news\/battery-cycle-life-verification-latam\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d: \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"5099\" class=\"elementor elementor-5099\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00465c3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"00465c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40b70d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40b70d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 - \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 - \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0641\u064a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-ev-outlook-2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2024<\/a>. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201c\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0640 4,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0640&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/strong>, \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<strong>\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0648<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_61960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61960<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62660\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62660<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62619\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62619<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629 (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UN_Recommendations_on_the_Transport_of_Dangerous_Goods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UN 38.3<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/transportation\/lithium-ion-battery-lifetime.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NREL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/batteryuniversity.com\/article\/bu-808-how-to-prolong-lithium-based-batteries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0645 Google \u0644\u0640&nbsp;<strong>\u0647\u0640 - \u0647\u0640 - \u0623 - \u0623 - \u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629) \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2>1. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d: \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>1.1 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u201c\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u061f\u201d<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645,&nbsp;<strong>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b 80%).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_61960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61960<\/a>&nbsp;(\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629) \u0648&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62660\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62660<\/a>&nbsp;(\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646&nbsp;<em>\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621<\/em>&nbsp;\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a (DoD)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a 50% DoD (\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629) \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 80-90% DoD.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 C (\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a 1C \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u061b 0.5C \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a C \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithium-ion_battery#Temperature_sensitivity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/a>&nbsp;\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/batteryuniversity.com\/article\/bu-808-how-to-prolong-lithium-based-batteries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 BU-808<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a (EOL)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 80% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0621 70% \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201c\u22653,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 80% DoD\u060c \u0634\u062d\u0646 0.5C \/ \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a 0.5C\u060c 25 \u00b1 2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c EOL = 80% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u201c3000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629\u201d \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3>1.2 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Ah) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 (Wh)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 0.2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u064825 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_61960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61960<\/a>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (0.5C\u060c 1C\u060c 2C).<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0624\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/transportation\/lithium-ion-battery-lifetime.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NREL<\/a>, \u060c \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u064810 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u064810 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (35-45 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627&nbsp;<strong>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>, \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3>1.3 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633: \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 (SOH)<\/strong>&nbsp;- \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a (EOL)<\/strong>&nbsp;- \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 SOH \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a (\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 70-80%).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-ev-outlook-2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2>2. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>2.1 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c6,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629\u201d \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \"6,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629\" \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 D \u0623\u0648 C \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 EOL.<\/li>\n<li>\u201c\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647 10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u201d \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629&nbsp;<em>\u0641\u0642\u0637<\/em>&nbsp;\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 6,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 50% DoD\u060c 0.2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 25 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u062e\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/batteryuniversity.com\/article\/bu-808-how-to-prolong-lithium-based-batteries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a<\/a>&nbsp;\u0648&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/transportation\/lithium-ion-battery-lifetime.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NREL<\/a>&nbsp;\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 D \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 C \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>2.2 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>2.3 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>UN 38.3<\/strong>&nbsp;\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 (\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UN_Recommendations_on_the_Transport_of_Dangerous_Goods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62133\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62133<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644<\/strong>, \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>2.4 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u062e \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0648:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645&nbsp;<strong>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u0645\u0646&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_61960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61960<\/a>&nbsp;\u0623\u0648&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62660\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62660<\/a>) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0640<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 - \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2>3. \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645&nbsp;<strong>\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 1 - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 2 - \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 3 - \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>3.1 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 1: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623) \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISO_9001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0622\u064a\u0632\u0648 9001<\/a>&nbsp;\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IATF_16949\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IATF 16949<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0628) \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 C\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 EOL)<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644:\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_61960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61960<\/a>&nbsp;- \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62660\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62660<\/a>&nbsp;- \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62619\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62619<\/a>&nbsp;- \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \/ ESS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u062c) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d&nbsp;<strong>UN 38.3<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0640\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62133\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62133<\/a>&nbsp;(\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UL_1973\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UL 1973<\/a>&nbsp;\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a ESS \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UL_2580\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UL 2580<\/a>&nbsp;\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646&nbsp;<strong>\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/strong>, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3>3.2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 2: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0623) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643. \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b,&nbsp;<strong>\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f Xienauto \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0628) \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a IEC \u0623\u0648 UL\u061b \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f 0.2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 - 0.5 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 25 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 (\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_61960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61960<\/a>)\u061b \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 95-100% \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 500-1,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0640 ESS\n<ul>\n<li>80% DoD\u060c 0.5C\/0.5C\u060c 25 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646:\n<ul>\n<li>80% DoD\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a 1C\u060c \u0634\u062d\u0646 0.5C\u060c 25 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/transportation\/lithium-ion-battery-lifetime.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a NREL<\/a>. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 3000 \u06486000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a:\n<ul>\n<li>0 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629)<\/li>\n<li>35-45 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0628\u0640 25 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithium-ion_battery#Temperature_sensitivity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a 1C-2C\u061b \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0634\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>\u062c) \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/h4>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u062b\u0644 SGS \u0648 T\u00dcV \u0648 Intertek\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 Xienauto\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646:\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 - \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627 - \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3>3.3 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 3: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 (IQC)<\/h3>\n<p>\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b,&nbsp;<strong>\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/strong>&nbsp;\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0641\u062d\u0635 1-3% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 (OCV) \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643:\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f 0.2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 - 0.5 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639:\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 95% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0640 95%\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Xienauto \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2>4. \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>4.1 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_61960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61960<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62660\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62660<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62619\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62619<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;- \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631&nbsp;<strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>4.2 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>UN 38.3<\/strong>, \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UN_Recommendations_on_the_Transport_of_Dangerous_Goods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/a>&nbsp;- \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62133\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62133<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;- \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UL_1973\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UL 1973<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;- \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UL_2580\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UL 2580<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;- \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 (\u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627)<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<h2>5. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a&nbsp;<strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>5.1 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 30-40 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/li>\n<li>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithium-ion_battery#Temperature_sensitivity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/a>&nbsp;\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/batteryuniversity.com\/article\/bu-808-how-to-prolong-lithium-based-batteries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 BU-808<\/a>&nbsp;\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 (35-45 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 ESS \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>5.2 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647&nbsp;<strong>1+ \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (70-90%) \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a&nbsp;<strong>80% \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/strong>, \u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a 50% DoD.<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u201c\u0639\u0645\u0631 10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u201d \u0628\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646&nbsp;<strong>\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 3,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a 80% DoD<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-ev-outlook-2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a>&nbsp;\u0648&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/transportation\/lithium-ion-battery-lifetime.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NREL<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>5.3 \u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 (\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 C \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 (\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0637\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646&nbsp;<strong>1C-2C \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a 1C-2C<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62660\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62660<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 Xienauto \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649&nbsp;<strong>\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2>6. \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u064a&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>6.1 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627<\/strong>, \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201c\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 2,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 80% DoD\u060c \u0634\u062d\u0646 0.5C \/ \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a 0.5C \u0639\u0646\u062f 25 \u00b1 2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 IEC 61960\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u226580% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>, \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201c\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 0.2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 25 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 95% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong>, \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\/\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>6.2 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u201c\u0628\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u201d. \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a + \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong>, \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u201c5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 2,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u201d.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 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\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0645<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201c\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a - \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 - \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-ev-outlook-2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a>, \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a&nbsp;<strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f<\/strong>, \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a&nbsp;<strong>\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/strong>&nbsp;\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629&nbsp;<strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<strong>\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0648<\/strong>&nbsp;\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639&nbsp;<strong>\u0647\u0640 - \u0647\u0640 - \u0623 - \u0623 - \u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629).<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2>1. \u0648\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647: \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a&nbsp;<strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>1.1 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646,&nbsp;<strong>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627&nbsp;<strong>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0633\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b 80%).<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_61960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61960<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;(\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629) \u0648&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62660\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62660<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;(\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a).<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a (DoD)<\/strong>&nbsp;- \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 80% DoD \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 50% DoD). \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 DoD \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a (C-rate)<\/strong>&nbsp;- \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a 1C \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u061b 0.5C \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e. \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a C \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;- \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u061b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/batteryuniversity.com\/article\/bu-808-how-to-prolong-lithium-based-batteries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a (EOL)<\/strong>&nbsp;- \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 80% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 70% \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A&nbsp;<strong>\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642<\/strong>&nbsp;\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201c\u22653,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 80% DoD\u060c \u0634\u062d\u0646 0.5C \/ \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a 0.5C\u060c 25 \u00b1 2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c EOL = 80% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 5000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629\u201d \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 C \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629&nbsp;<strong>\u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>1.2 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u064a\u062b\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Ah) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 (Wh)<\/strong>&nbsp;- \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f 0.2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 25 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_61960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61960<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 (\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 C)<\/strong>&nbsp;- \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 0.5C\u060c 1C\u060c 2C\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;- \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (0 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0644) \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (35-45 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithium-ion_battery#Temperature_sensitivity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/a>, \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646<\/strong>&nbsp;- \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u062d\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629&nbsp;<strong>\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2>2. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0644\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>2.1 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f&nbsp;<strong>\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 C \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 0.2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 25 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 50% DoD) \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649&nbsp;<strong>\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u201c\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a&nbsp;<strong>\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/a>&nbsp;\u0648&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NREL<\/a>&nbsp;\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a C \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>2.2 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0632<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0639\u0628\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<h3>2.3 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A&nbsp;<strong>\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 38.3) \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644,&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UN_Recommendations_on_the_Transport_of_Dangerous_Goods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UN 38.3<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;\u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>2.4 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u201d \u0623\u0648 \u201c6,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645&nbsp;<strong>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 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\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0631: \u0644\u0633\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0643. A&nbsp;<strong>\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 1 - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 2 - \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 3 - \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>3.1 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 1: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623) \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u064a\u062b\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a)<\/li>\n<li>\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISO_9001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0622\u064a\u0632\u0648 9001<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;\u0648\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a,&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IATF_16949\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IATF 16949<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631&nbsp;<strong>\u0644\u0627<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0628) \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 C\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u0629 EOL)<\/li>\n<li>\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<strong>IEC 61960<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>IEC 62660<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0623\u0648&nbsp;<strong>IEC 62619<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62660\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62660<\/a>&nbsp;- \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62619\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62619<\/a>&nbsp;- \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u062c) \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u060c \u0643\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>UN 38.3<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 (\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UN_Recommendations_on_the_Transport_of_Dangerous_Goods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629:&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62133\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62133<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UL_1973\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UL 1973<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;\u0648&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UL_2580\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UL 2580<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3>3.2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 2: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0643.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0623) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629\u201d:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646&nbsp;<strong>\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong>, \u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627\u064b,&nbsp;<strong>\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629) \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Xienauto \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645&nbsp;<strong>\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0628) \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 IEC\/UL. \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649&nbsp;<strong>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 0.2C-0.5C\u060c 25 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u061b \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u226595-100% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 500-1,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a: 80% DoD\u060c \u0634\u062d\u0646 0.5C \/ \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a 0.5C \u0639\u0646\u062f 25 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\/\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a: 80% DoD\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a 1C \/ \u0634\u062d\u0646 0.5C \u0639\u0646\u062f 25 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0644 100-200 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u0630\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NREL<\/a>&nbsp;\u0648&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a:\n<ul>\n<li>0 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629)<\/li>\n<li>35-45 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c 25 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithium-ion_battery#Temperature_sensitivity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 - \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a 1C-2C)<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>\u062c) \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631<\/h4>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 SGS \u0648T\u00dcV \u0648Intertek) \u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Xienauto \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643:\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0643.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3>3.3 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 3: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 (IQC) \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645,&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong>&nbsp;\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 1-3% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 (OCV): \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642: \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 1-2 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 0.2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 - 0.5 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 &lt;95% \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Xienauto \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629&nbsp;<strong>\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2>4. \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>4.1 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>IEC 61960<\/strong>&nbsp;- \u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629\u061b \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IEC 62660<\/strong>&nbsp;- \u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IEC 62619<\/strong>&nbsp;- \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 (ESS)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_61960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61960<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62660\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62660<\/a>&nbsp;\u0648&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEC_62619\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 62619<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631&nbsp;<strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631&nbsp;<strong>\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>4.2 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>UN 38.3<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u0636\u0645\u0646&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UN_Recommendations_on_the_Transport_of_Dangerous_Goods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/a>) - \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IEC 62133<\/strong>&nbsp;- \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>UL 1642<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>UL 1973<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>UL 2580<\/strong>&nbsp;- \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a). \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UL_1973\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UL 1973<\/a>&nbsp;\u0648&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UL_2580\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UL 2580<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0646&nbsp;<strong>\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/strong>, \u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0646&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0644&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2>5. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 E-E-A-T\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong>. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>5.1 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649) \u0645\u0646<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 (30-40 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631)<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithium-ion_battery#Temperature_sensitivity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/a>) \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629&nbsp;<strong>\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a&nbsp;<strong>35-45 \u00b0C<\/strong>, \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 25 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 LFP \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629)<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646&nbsp;<strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>5.2 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646&nbsp;<strong>\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a&nbsp;<strong>70-90% \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a (\u062a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/batteryuniversity.com\/article\/bu-808-how-to-prolong-lithium-based-batteries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a<\/a>) \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a&nbsp;<strong>80% \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a ESS<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641&nbsp;<strong>\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 3000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u201d (\u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 300-365 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f 50% DoD \u0641\u0642\u0637&nbsp;<strong>\u0644\u0627<\/strong>&nbsp;\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>5.3 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 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https:\/\/xiensolar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1765358218897-019b078c-1c42-7548-9ea5-3745127b80c9-2048x1117.png 2048w, https:\/\/xiensolar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1765358218897-019b078c-1c42-7548-9ea5-3745127b80c9-18x10.png 18w, https:\/\/xiensolar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1765358218897-019b078c-1c42-7548-9ea5-3745127b80c9-600x327.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong>. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 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\u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621&nbsp;<strong>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5463c7d8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5463c7d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e2934c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e2934c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-632f7711 elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--shape-circle elementor-share-buttons--skin-gradient elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons\" data-id=\"632f7711\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"share-buttons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_facebook\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 facebook\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-facebook\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M504 256C504 119 393 8 256 8S8 119 8 256c0 123.78 90.69 226.38 209.25 245V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.28c-30.8 0-40.41 19.12-40.41 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V501C413.31 482.38 504 379.78 504 256z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_linkedin\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 linkedin\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-linkedin\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 32H31.9C14.3 32 0 46.5 0 64.3v383.4C0 465.5 14.3 480 31.9 480H416c17.6 0 32-14.5 32-32.3V64.3c0-17.8-14.4-32.3-32-32.3zM135.4 416H69V202.2h66.5V416zm-33.2-243c-21.3 0-38.5-17.3-38.5-38.5S80.9 96 102.2 96c21.2 0 38.5 17.3 38.5 38.5 0 21.3-17.2 38.5-38.5 38.5zm282.1 243h-66.4V312c0-24.8-.5-56.7-34.5-56.7-34.6 0-39.9 27-39.9 54.9V416h-66.4V202.2h63.7v29.2h.9c8.9-16.8 30.6-34.5 62.9-34.5 67.2 0 79.7 44.3 79.7 101.9V416z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_telegram\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 telegram\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-telegram\" viewbox=\"0 0 496 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M248 8C111 8 0 119 0 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S385 8 248 8zm121.8 169.9l-40.7 191.8c-3 13.6-11.1 16.9-22.4 10.5l-62-45.7-29.9 28.8c-3.3 3.3-6.1 6.1-12.5 6.1l4.4-63.1 114.9-103.8c5-4.4-1.1-6.9-7.7-2.5l-142 89.4-61.2-19.1c-13.3-4.2-13.6-13.3 2.8-19.7l239.1-92.2c11.1-4 20.8 2.7 17.2 19.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_whatsapp\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 whatsapp\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-whatsapp\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M380.9 97.1C339 55.1 283.2 32 223.9 32c-122.4 0-222 99.6-222 222 0 39.1 10.2 77.3 29.6 111L0 480l117.7-30.9c32.4 17.7 68.9 27 106.1 27h.1c122.3 0 224.1-99.6 224.1-222 0-59.3-25.2-115-67.1-157zm-157 341.6c-33.2 0-65.7-8.9-94-25.7l-6.7-4-69.8 18.3L72 359.2l-4.4-7c-18.5-29.4-28.2-63.3-28.2-98.2 0-101.7 82.8-184.5 184.6-184.5 49.3 0 95.6 19.2 130.4 54.1 34.8 34.9 56.2 81.2 56.1 130.5 0 101.8-84.9 184.6-186.6 184.6zm101.2-138.2c-5.5-2.8-32.8-16.2-37.9-18-5.1-1.9-8.8-2.8-12.5 2.8-3.7 5.6-14.3 18-17.6 21.8-3.2 3.7-6.5 4.2-12 1.4-32.6-16.3-54-29.1-75.5-66-5.7-9.8 5.7-9.1 16.3-30.3 1.8-3.7.9-6.9-.5-9.7-1.4-2.8-12.5-30.1-17.1-41.2-4.5-10.8-9.1-9.3-12.5-9.5-3.2-.2-6.9-.2-10.6-.2-3.7 0-9.7 1.4-14.8 6.9-5.1 5.6-19.4 19-19.4 46.3 0 27.3 19.9 53.7 22.6 57.4 2.8 3.7 39.1 59.7 94.8 83.8 35.2 15.2 49 16.5 66.6 13.9 10.7-1.6 32.8-13.4 37.4-26.4 4.6-13 4.6-24.1 3.2-26.4-1.3-2.5-5-3.9-10.5-6.6z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_x-twitter\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 x-twitter\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-x-twitter\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_xing\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 xing\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-xing\" viewbox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M162.7 210c-1.8 3.3-25.2 44.4-70.1 123.5-4.9 8.3-10.8 12.5-17.7 12.5H9.8c-7.7 0-12.1-7.5-8.5-14.4l69-121.3c.2 0 .2-.1 0-.3l-43.9-75.6c-4.3-7.8.3-14.1 8.5-14.1H100c7.3 0 13.3 4.1 18 12.2l44.7 77.5zM382.6 46.1l-144 253v.3L330.2 466c3.9 7.1.2 14.1-8.5 14.1h-65.2c-7.6 0-13.6-4-18-12.2l-92.4-168.5c3.3-5.8 51.5-90.8 144.8-255.2 4.6-8.1 10.4-12.2 17.5-12.2h65.7c8 0 12.3 6.7 8.5 14.1z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72113f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"72113f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31cae4e9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"31cae4e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-756bc4c0 elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action\" data-id=\"756bc4c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"call-to-action.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/xiensolar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Gemini_Generated_Image_7vc5vh7vc5vh7vc5-1024x559.avif);\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Gemini_Gemini_Generated_Image_7vc5vh7vc5vh7vc5\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643\u061f\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__description elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635. \u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643.\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-\" href=\"https:\/\/xiensolar.com\/ar\/%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%b5%d9%84-%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 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